A time-frequency analysis of the thermal radiation background anomalies caused by large earthquakes: A case study of the Wenchuan 8.0 earthquake

Strong earthquakes have an impact on the regional thermal radiation background, which has been both observed and confirmed. This effect produces anomalies in the thermal radiation background (TRBA) and increases the difficulty of extracting a thermal radiation anomaly (TRA) that is associated with an earthquake occurring during the same time period. The extraction and identification of such anomalies has been ignored by previous studies. In this study, we investigate the time-frequency analysis (TFA) method, together with the wavelet filtering of the Daubechies method and the relative power spectrum analysis of the Fourier Welch method to extract and analyse the TRBA caused by the 2008 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake and the TRA of the 2013 Minxian-Zhangxian Ms 6.6 earthquake using data concerning the brightness temperature of a black body (TBB) from the Fengyun-2 series of geostationary meteorological satellites developed by China. The result showed that this method can effectively extract and analyse the TRBA caused by the Wenchuan earthquake and the TRA of the Minxian-Zhangxian earthquake form a complex background environment. Furthermore, we discussed the impact of the earthquake on the TRBA and segmented the process. The impact is mainly reflected by three aspects; the characteristic period of the TRBA changes, the TRBA occurs at the same time every year, which is identical to the time at which the earthquake anomaly occurred, and the impact process is in stages. We also summarized the correlation between the characteristic parameters of a TRA and the regional thermal radiation background, geography, and climatic factors.     

汶川大地震的人文思考

汶川大地震这场罕见的灾难，给人们留下了悲壮的集体记忆，这场灾难毁灭了许多美好，同时也给了人们很多反思，在这场灾难中所体现出来的中华民族的人文精神，是值得人们永存的宝贵财富。     

The propagation features of LF radio waves at topside ionosphere and their variations possibly related to Wenchuan earthquake in 2008

The artificial low frequency (LF) signals recorded at topside ionosphere from DEMETER satellite were analyzed in this paper, and the typical diurnal and seasonal variations were illustrated around 162?kHz in electric field spectra. The larger power spectrum density (PSD) values in electric field at local nighttime and in winter season all demonstrate the correlation feature of lower plasma content to higher penetration of LF waves into ionosphere. Around Wenchuan earthquake, the comparison of signal-noise-ratio (SNR) values in electric field with each half month during January to May in 2008 and the same half month in May from 2005 to 2007 revealed their lowest values and small covering area around the preparation region of Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. Combined with other researches in VLF radio waves and geochemical observations from satellite, the interaction of ion accumulation and upward movement from gas-water release at surface might be a key factor to disturb the ionospheric plasma density, and then possibly leading to the decrease of low energy penetration of LF radio waves from the artificial transmitted source at ground.     

玉树地震前的电离层异常现象分析

分析了玉树地震前地基电离层探测临界频率、GPS TEC和卫星探测原位等离子体参量等多个参数的扰动变化信息, 研究了不同高度异常变化的时空关联性. 分析发现, 在地震前一天的4月13日, 多个电离层参量出现同步扰动异常, 电离层临界频率f₀F₂异常相对滑动中值增大40%, 异常空间上存在从震中东南向西南漂移的特性; GPS TEC异常增强15TECU (1TECU=1016m-2)左右, 分布于震中南部经度15°范围内, 且有明显的磁共轭效应; DEMETER观测的原位氧离子密度N_i(O+) 4月13日为1-4月中最强的一天, 异常分布偏向赤道区, 但仅局限在30°-50°左右的经度范围内. 综合三个参量的异常特征发现, 无论是空间的局地性还是时间上的密切关联均反映这次电离层扰动可能与玉树地震孕育有关. 结合其他观测信息, 进一步探讨了这次地震孕育过程的地震电离层耦合机理.      

利用高分辨率遥感数据的芦山地震道路损毁快速评估

道路损毁评估是地震损失评估工作的重要内容。文章根据芦山7.0级地震应急评估需求,提出利用多源遥感数据的道路损毁评估方法。首先,针对获取的高分辨率遥感数据特点,建立道路损毁遥感解译标准,进一步考虑地震平均烈度,建立以县为单元的灾区道路损毁等级快速评估模型,最后给出了地震灾区基于高分辨率遥感数据的快速制图产品和灾区道路损毁分县等级评估结果。结果表明,道路损毁极重灾区有芦山县、宝兴县,重灾区有天全县、雨城区、荥经县、名山区、邛崃市,一般灾区有汉源县等14个县(市、区)。相关研究和结果为震后救灾决策提供了重要支撑。     

雅安地震房屋倒损情况遥感影像解译

遥感作为快速、大范围获取灾害信息的一种重要手段,在重特大自然灾害监测评估中,发挥着巨大作用,尤其是在地震中,被用于监测灾害范围和房屋、生命线、基础设施、土地资源等实物量的受灾情况,以及滑坡、泥石流等次生灾害发生、发展情况。在2013年四川雅安"4·20"强烈地震中,利用震后获取的高分辨率遥感影像,在高分辨率遥感本底库支持下,分析当地房屋建筑倒损状况,从房屋轮廓、废墟或瓦砾和房屋屋顶呈现的几何和辐射形态特征等方面,建立震害房屋受灾解译标志,准确描述受损房屋特征,与输入的高分辨率震害房屋样本库进行对照,通过专家的研判与辨别,可有效指导房屋受灾遥感解译过程。     

面向地震应急响应的松耦合研判模型管理机制

由于面向地震应急响应系统(EERS)的研判模型有其自身特点,传统决策支持系统中模型管理方法并不能较好地满足其管理需求。提出一种面向地震应急响应的松耦合研判模型管理机制(LC-MM),包括3个部分:(1)研判资源建模环境,由研判模型描述/控制语言(MDCL)和数据源描述/控制语言(DSDCL)组成;(2)研判资源协同交互框架,该框架分为4层,主要包括应用环境上下文App_Context、模型调用者Model_Invoker和数据通道Data_Channel 3个Agent组件;(3)研判资源协同交互协议,该协议将研判任务、研判模型和数据源的紧耦合关系分解为上述Agent组件之间的协同交互关系。实际应用表明,LC-MM能够有效屏蔽研判资源的异构性,提高EERS的可扩展性、动态适应性以及平台无关性,能够较好地满足EERS中研判模型的管理需求。     

青海玉树地震遥感监测应用研究

青海省玉树藏族自治州玉树县发生里氏7.1级地震后,作为我国减灾救灾决策支持单位,民政部卫星减灾应用中心(民政部国家减灾中心)根据国家减灾委、民政部救灾应急响应启动情况和部救灾总指挥部的统一部署,立即启动<应对突发性自然灾害空间技术响应工作规程>,实行24h业务值班制度,以高分辨率卫星和航空遥感数据为主,开展灾害监测与评...     

砂垫层刚度对地面地震反应的影响研究

我国是一个多地震国家，地震区分布范围广，发震频繁。因此减震、隔震技术对国民经济基本建设具有重要意义。随着科学技术的进步、计算机的运用等，减震、隔震方法的研究与应用取得了很大的发展，但仍有许多问题有待解决，特别是就我国目前中、低层房屋较多的实际状况而言，这一问题显得尤为突出。采用在基础与地基之间设置砂垫层的方法，减小或不放大地震对地面的影响，最终达到减震、隔震的目的。在提出砂垫层隔震概念及其与《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB50011—2001)的区别之后，研究了砂垫层刚度对地面地震反应的影响，得到了一些有益的结果。     

Contribution of ionospheric TEC anomalies to detecting the seismic precursors related to the 2008 Oran-Algeria event

The ionospheric anomalies observed before any notable earthquake have become the subject of predictive research in the field of seismo-ionospheric coupling and/or Solid Earth-Atmosphere. In this paper, the concept of ionospheric modeling has been applied using total electronic content (TEC); derived from dual-frequency GPS recordings from about sixty permanent geodetic stations. The study and the analysis of the anomalous TEC variations, quantifiable on a regional scale, allowed us to detect the principal precursors of the M_w 5.5 earthquake that hit Oran on June 06th, 2008. The envisaged analytical approach is based principally on the time delays estimation relating to the seismic responses from the triggering (lithospheric seismic source) until their recording in data Rinex (GPS_IGS stations) through the reflection system of the electromagnetic waves on the ionospheric level (F2-layer).Indeed, in term of location, the longitude-latitude coordinates of the Oran event epicenter (0.658°W, 35.883°N) affecting the coastal margin of Western Algeria without too much material damage. Although the magnitude of this earthquake is qualified moderate (M_w 5.5, seismic intensity scale V-VI), one can observe apparent disturbances in the terrestrial electromagnetic spectrum associated with ionospheric TEC variations. In the domain of geodetic data analysis, we have noted a significant increase in the ionospheric TEC, which announces the arrival of a seismic precursor several days before the main studied event. Against this background, we emphasize that any seismic event, of significant magnitude, often carries information associated with other variants involved in the package of earthquake studied. Among these variants we evoke the effect of the magnetic field and the effect of the surrounding environment, etc. As for the specific behavior of the GPS_TEC signal, obtained from the Rinex data, and its interaction with the associated seismic activity, we highlight the existence of a spectral conformity between the geomagnetic field and that of the TEC content (spontaneous polarization of the TEC).Finally, we have just confirmed the effectiveness of this forecasting approach which relates the seismo-ionospheric precursors that are embedded in the physical trace of the electromagnetic signal relative to significant and/or moderate earthquakes (M ≥ 5); such as the envisaged case of the 2008 Oran event.